It states the case this essay will make b. It outlines the structure of this essay c. It presents a context for this discussion d. It limits the scope of this essay Enter your answers by selecting the appropriate option below each paragraph. Introduction 1. Although surveys of Australian doctors and nurses have established that requests by patients for a hastened death are commonplace and that compliance with them occurs in around half of these cases, at present, the administration of drugs that will hasten the death of a patient is legal only if the doctor's primary intention is to alleviate the pain of the patient.
This basis for terminating a life, giving rise to the notion of 'double effect', is flawed, because it is almost impossible to disprove a doctor's assertion of what his or her primary intentions were. It lends itself to abuse by doctors who seek to hasten the death of a patient without their consent, no matter how altruistic their intentions for doing so are. It limits the scope of this essay 2. This paper will argue that it is completely undesirable for the death of a patient to be brought about or hastened without their consent, and consent must therefore become a central issue in determining the legal-permissibility of euthanasia.
Not all end of life decisions, or acts of euthanasia, involve patient consent. This essay will ignore non-voluntary and involuntary forms of euthanasia.
Of those involving consent, there are three main types. For example, the withholding of life- prolonging treatment. In this essay I will be mostly concerned with Active Voluntary Euthanasia, although references will also be made to the other two forms as well. This essay will refer to the current state of Victorian law on euthanasia, and that of the Netherlands, to show weaknesses in the present approach to legislation on euthanasia.
It will then show the difficulties of practically implementing law based on doctor intention, and argue instead that a focus on patient consent would be better form both a legal and ethical point of view.
Look at the following introduction to an essay on the legal protection of civil liberty. What function s does each paragraph have? Do you think this is the best order for these paragraphs? This essay is concerned with the protection of the 'freedom of speech'.
It will first of all clarify what is meant by 'freedom of speech', demonstrate its importance, and then show its current protection under law. It will then argue that current law is too restrictive, as it protects the powerful from disclosing to the public information that it is in the public's interests to know. In effect, such law discriminates in favour of the powerful. It will be argued that this is against the interests of democracy and therefore the law needs to be changed. Areas of change will be suggested.
Civil liberties are an essential part of a healthy democracy. The guaranteeing of certain rights and privileges not only protects citizens from the tendency of government to intrude too far into the affairs of individuals, but they also protect conditions necessary for the full development of individuals. Therefore the protection of civil liberties is important for the maintenance of democracy.
If they are not adequately protected, democracy is put in danger. Which paragraph provides a context for the overall essay? Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Which paragraph states the case of the essay? Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Which paragraph outlines the structure of the essay?
Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Which paragraph should come first? Stating your case is not only important for your reader, but also for you as writer. The more precisely you know what you are arguing, the more effectively you can organise and structure your essay to do it well. An essay will not get very good marks - even though it covers the relevant ground - if it is not focused on and structured around a definite argument You need to state your case as a task to be achieved.
Look at the following opening sentences of a paragraph which indicate the case an essay will make. It is absolutely undesirable for the death of a patient to be brought about or hastened without their consent, and we must therefore change the way we view the issue of the legal-permissibility of euthanasia.
Our focus must no longer be on the intentions of the doctors making medical end-of-life decisions, but on whether the rational consent of the patient whose death is being hastened has been obtained. What will this essay attempt to argue? Check the answer Feedback: We presume it will argue that the focus in determining the legal permissibility of medical end-of-life decisions should shift from doctor intention to patient consent. Claims are made here that will have to be established and supported in the essay.
But here they are not presented as a case to be made, but as already established. It is premature in the introduction to state as fact something you have to establish through argument and evidence. However strongly you make a case, it is unlikely you can justify asserting your claims with categorical certainty. Notice the uncompromising certainty in the statements above.
The writer clearly feels strongly about these issues, and so writes: "It is absolutely undesirable for the death of a patient You can probably think of situations where an end-of-life decision needs to be made when the patient is incapable of having any views on it.
Rather than assert your claims as forcefully as possible, it is better to indicate the reasoning such claims are based on although the development of that reasoning is left to the main part of the essay. How might you rewrite the following sentences in a more reasoned and moderate way? Check the answer Feedback: This is one possible rewrite: This essay will argue that morally there are no good reasons why the death of a patient should be brought about or hastened without their consent.
It will also show why in practice current law with its focus on doctor intention cannot regulate adequately end-of-life decisions. Therefore, our focus needs to shift from the intentions of the doctors making medical end-of-life decisions, to whether the rational consent of the patient whose death is being hastened has been obtained. When the arguments are made based on these contexts rather than universal truth, the points to be established lose their categorical quality, and instead assume a reasonable quality.
Such a "measured" style is important in legal writing. You would probably make the final touches to your introduction after the main part of the essay is completed. Look at the following way a student has stated his case in an essay on law and civil liberty.
How could the case be stated in a more moderate and reasoned way? The liberty of free speech must be maintained at all costs. At present the law on libel is a tool of the rich and powerful and discriminates against the poor.
The law must be changed so that it is no longer a refuge for the powerful. By making the powerful more accountable, democracy will also be strengthened. It will argue that existing laws discriminate in favour of the powerful, and therefore do not protect the interests of democracy as fully as they should. Possible areas of change to the law will be suggested. Good writing is clear and keeps to the point.
Since the function of your introduction is to establish what you are going to do, you do not need to provide arguments or details, which properly belong in the main part of the essay. Consider the the following paragraph from an introduction, the second point of which has been bolded: This essay will argue that morally there are no good reasons why the death of a patient should be brought about or hastened without their consent.
Active voluntary euthanasia has become accepted by the majority in the community and can no longer be branded as an immoral and illegal practice. Just as a there is a clear distinction between making love and rape, and between a gangster stabbing someone maliciously and a doctor making an incision during surgery, there is a clear difference between culpable murder and active voluntary euthanasia see below for definition.
In all three cases the consent of those involved "deprives the act of its anti- social character. Now consider the bolded section of the paragraph. Which of the following two statements describes best what the writer is doing here? The student presents reasons why 'consent' can make a crucial difference to how we categorise certain acts.
This is part of the argument why law should shift its focus from doctor intention to patient consent. This would be more appropriately raised in the section of the essay where he deals with the issue of consent, rather than in the introduction.
Developing the case In developing your case, you demonstrate your ability to make sound legal arguments. The tasks in this section look at some of the skills you would need to draw on. This skills include supporting your claims, demonstrating your reasoning, and dealing with counter arguments. Supporting your claims Click on the highlighted text to see the comments. There are usually a number of ways in which you could support a claim you make, but not all carry equal weight.
You need to carefully consider what reasons or evidence carry the most weight in your law assignment. An essay on active voluntary euthanasia argues that one reason for permitting active euthanasia is because active euthanasia is accepted by the public at large.
Look at the following statements from student essays which both make the same point. Current law prohibiting active euthanasia is unacceptable because the majority of the population accept active euthanasia, Waller, L. Current law prohibiting active euthanasia is unacceptable because it contradicts a basic principle upon which Criminal Law is based, that criminal culpability should serve community interests and values Waller, L. Which of the above provides better support from a legal perspective for the claim that current law prohibiting active euthanasia is unacceptable?
However, Option A presents the inconsistency of law with popular opinion only as a practical problem not of law but of social cohesion , whereas Option B links it to existing law, in this case to a legal principle. Therefore Option B would normally have more weight from a legal perspective. The first might carry greater weight in a sociology or criminology assignment. In current law, the primary focus in determining the legal permissibility of medical end-of-life decisions is on the subjective intentions of doctors, but some people argue the primary focus should no longer be on doctor intention.
Below are two of a number of reasons given: Which reason do you think would have more weight from a legal perspective? One important form of argument in law is based on showing that the principles of law that hold in one situation apply in another. A common danger is to over-generalise, that is, to assume that principles which apply in one situation apply in another similar one. They don't necessarily, so you need to show why they do.
You need to show the reasoning you followed to determine whether or not they do apply. The following two statements suggest an inconsistency in the law on medical end-of-life decisions. In the first statement, consent has no bearing on the legal permissibility of an end-of-life decision.
In the second, it is crucial. Under current law, the consent of a patient does not justify a doctor actively hastening the death of that patient. Under the Medical Treatment Act Victoria, the consent of a patient justifies a doctor withdrawing treatment from a patient, thereby through inaction hastening their death.
Now look at the following paragraph that makes use of this information to argue that the present state of the law is unacceptable. Consent has already been accepted as bearing legal significance in end of life decisions: it has long been a principle at Common Law that one may refuse any form of life-prolonging treatment, and the enactment of the Medical Treatment Act in affirmed this position in Victoria.
Therefore, consent justifies a doctor withdrawing treatment in order to hasten a patient's death, but it does not justify a doctor providing treatment in order to hasten a patient's death.
This is inconsistent, and clearly unacceptable. What grounds does the writer have for claiming "this is inconsistent, and clearly unacceptable"? Check the answer Feedback: The argument is that, because "[c]onsent has already been accepted as bearing legal significance in end of life decisions", it should also be accepted as central in active voluntary euthanasia. Do you think this argument is valid? Yes No Check your answer Feedback: At a common-sense level this appears reasonable.
However, whether there is legal inconsistency needs to be shown. You would need to establish these principles and show why they apply to active voluntary euthanasia, and only then could you say the law is inconsistent. The arguments you make in your law assignments are not only concerned with matters of legal principle.
They are also concerned with matters of policy. Look at the following rejection of the 'slippery slope' argument for prohibiting active voluntary euthanasia. One argument presented for prohibiting active voluntary euthanasia is the 'slippery slope' argument. It is argued that permitting active voluntary euthanasia will lead to greater tolerance of non-voluntary mercy killings. This claim is not born out by statistics from the Netherlands. According to the Remmelink Report, since the introduction of liberal euthanasia laws in the Netherlands, non-voluntary euthanasia has declined rather than increased.
Notice the argument here. It is believed non-voluntary mercy killings will become more widely tolerated if active euthanasia is permitted.
If a policy objective is to avoid a growth in tolerance of non-voluntary mercy killings, active voluntary euthanasia must remain prohibited. However, the student's counter argument is that a change in law would not undermine this policy objective. His argument addresses issues of legal policy, not legal principle. Do you think the writer makes his point effectively? Yes No Check your answer Dealing with counter arguments Click on the highlighted text to see the comments.
It is important in law to be able to deal well with both sides of an argument. You must not only present your side convincingly, but you must also show why the arguments of the opposing side are less convincing.
Acknowledging potential weaknesses can sometimes lead you to qualify or adjust your own position, thus strengthening it. The Terminally ill patients are of-life decisions should be on relevance of depression must be likely to be depressed, and patient consent, rather than doctor made on a case-by-case basis. Look at the following paragraph, which is one way in which you might dismiss this counter-argument: It is often feared that basing medical end-of-life decisions on patient consent may lead to abuse, since many terminally ill patients are depressed, and therefore unable to make sound decisions on matters of such significance.
Although such patients may have a greater tendency to depression, we cannot justifiably assume all patients are depressed, or that depression, even when present, prevents a patient from consenting in a balanced and acceptable way. Depression is generally manageable nowadays, and medical diagnosis can determine when a person is incapable of making such a decision. Therefore, the issue of depression should be dealt with on a case by case basis, and not be a reason for prohibiting choice in general.
Notice the following points: i. The counter-argument is presented fairly. Merit in the counter-argument is acknowledged "Although such patients may have a greater tendency to depression Option 2: Use your desktop scanner or phone camera to scan-to-PDF work done on paper This option assumes that you have done your work on paper and you want to convert that paper work to a PDF document. The work done on paper should be legible with dark writing on a white background, clearly formatted and well-organized.
Work that cannot be easily read and followed will be assumed to be incorrect. Scanning a paper document to a PDF document can be done with a desktop scanner or a smart phone. For a desktop scanner, follow the directions that come with your scanner. If you have an older scanner or are having trouble with the included software, VueScan can be used to update your scanner software and create scanned PDF documents.
Scan your pages into a single PDF document. An assignment introduction example or two can perhaps give you a better idea of what needs to be done.
Contact our experts for a powerful introduction to your assignment! Different Elements of the Introduction of an Assignment. Be sure to include the name of the paper and the subject of discussion. This will help the reader tune in to the desired wave. When writing an assignment — be sure to follow all instructions, requirements and specifications, given out by your professor.
A bad assignment is the one, which does not correspond to the instructions. My Assignment Services is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. All trademarks, logos and brand names A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes: an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to… Definition and Purpose of Abstracts An abstract is a short summary of your published or unpublished research paper, usually about a paragraph c.
Some professors give students the option of either submitting hand-written or typed assignments. You need to realize that most people nowadays, including you, type faster than they can write by hand. Try it out. Therefore, unless you are restricted to ….
We at GoAssignmentHelp, a leading assignment help services with the best and experienced assignment Writers based in Brisbane operating online in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Canberra, Adelaide, Darwin and across the major cities of Australia can help you with assignment writing services in essays, research papers, thesis, dissertation, homework. Write the introduction and start with thesis statement to hook up your readers from s start; Describe methods you use to provide solutions to problems arising in your paper; Write the body paragraphs in form of discussion and results; Write a conclusion for research paper summarizing the key facts and arguments to support your point of view;.
When writing any type of academic assignment, you should think of a detailed outline, which will help you to organize your thoughts and ideas.
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