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Download Free PDF. IJAR Indexing. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. ISSN: Int. Nathiya1 and Dr. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Thiru. Arts College, Tiruvarur. Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. Semisolid food wastes and municipal Final Accepted: 05 March sludge may also be included in municipal solid waste.

The subject of Published: April solid wastes came to the national limelight after the passage of the solid waste disposal act of Today, solid waste is accepted as a major Key words:- Community, density, generation, problem of our society. In the United States over million tons of landfills, population, solid waste.

At this generation quantity, the average resident of an urban community is responsible for more than 1. This quantity does not include industrial, mining, agricultural, and animal wastes generated in the country each year. If these quantities are added, the solid waste production rate reaches 45 kg per capita per day lb. To introduce the reader to the solid waste management field, an overview of municipal solid waste problems, sources, collection, resource recovery, and disposal methods are presented in this paper.

Greater emphasis has been given to the design and operation of municipal sanitary landfills, regulations governing land disposal, and leachate generation, containment and treatment methods. All rights reserved. Introduction:- Municipal solid waste MSW includes wastes such as durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food wastes yard wastes, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.

Example of waste from these categories include appliances, newspapers, clothing, food scarps, boxes, disposable tableware, office and classroom paper, wood pallets, and cafeteria wastes. MSW does not include wastes from sources such as municipal sludge, combustion ash, and industrial non-hazardous process wastes that might also be disposed of in municipal waste landfills or incinerators.

Determining actual MSW generation rates is difficult. Different studies report a wide variation as they use different components. Many times industrial and demolition wastes are included in municipal solid wastes.

It is estimated that, without source reduction, MSW generation will increase to million tons or 1. Based on current trends and information, EPA projects that 20 to 28 percent of MSW will be recovered annually by A successful solid waste management system utilizes many functional elements associated with generation, on-site storage, collection, transfer, transport, characterization and processing, resource recovery and final disposal.

All these elements are interrelated, and must be studied and evaluated carefully Corresponding Author:-V. It is a multidisciplinary activity involving engineering principles, economics, and urban and regional planning. Sources And Characteristics Municipal solid waste MSW or urban solid waste is normally comprised of food wastes, rubbish, demolition and construction wastes, street sweepings, garden wastes, abandoned vehicles and appliances, and treatment plant residues.

Quantity and composition of MSW vary greatly for different municipalities and time of the year. Factors influencing the characteristics of MSW are climate, social customs, per capita income, and degree of urbanization and industrialization. The composition of MSW as collected may vary greatly depending upon geographical region and season.

The typical moisture content of MSW may vary from 15 to 40 percent depending upon the composition of the waste and the climatic conditions. The density of MSW depends upon the composition and degree of compaction. Information of chemical composition of the organic portion of MSW is important for many processes such as incineration, composting, biodegradability, leachate generation, and others.

The ultimate analysis of the organic fraction of MSW is in terms of the constituents carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash. Collection And Transport Solid waste collection and transport involves storage at the generation and pick-up points, pick up by the crew, trucks driving around the neighborhood, and truck transport to a transfer station or disposal point.

The collection is difficult, complex and costly. Collection of solid waste typically consumes percent of the total solid waste budget of a community. Therefore, any improvement in the collection system can reduce overall cost significantly. Onsite Storage and Handling In single family residential areas solid waste storage is handled by residents and tenants.

Commonly used containers are plastic or galvanized metal containers, and disposable paper or plastic bags. The plastic or galvanized containers are liter size with tight covering.

The single use paper or plastic bags are generally used when curb service is provided and the homeowner is responsible for placing the bags along the curb. In high-rise buildings the waste is picked up by the building maintenance personnel, or special vertical chutes are provided to deliver the waste to a central location for storage, processing, or resource recovery.

A recent development is to provide underground pneumatic transport systems to move waste to a central location for onsite storage, processing, or resource recovery. Apartment districts utilize stationary container systems into which the residents drop the solid wastes. Solid wastes from commercial buildings are collected in large containers that may be stationary or transportable.

Collection of Solid Waste In residential areas, the most common collection methods are curb or alley, setout-setback, and backyard carry. In curb or alley service, the residents carry the single-use plastic bags and containers to the curb or collection point, and then return the empty container after pickup. Setout service utilizes a crew that carries the containers to the collection point.

A separate collection crew empties the containers and residents return the empty containers. In setout-setback service, a third crew returns the empty containers. In backyard carry service, the collection crew transfers the solid waste into a wheeled barrel, and then unloads it into the collection truck.

The containers remain in the backyard. Many communities have instituted regulations for separation of solid wastes at the source by residents. Components such as newspapers and cardboard, aluminum, mixed glass, and food wastes from restaurants have been separated at the source.

Although the concept is good, the participation of the public drops quickly. Also, the price of recycle material fluctuates greatly, and it is often more expensive to recycle waste material. All these factors are considered for instituting a mandatory separation and recycling program.

There is, however, much interest in recycling these days due to mounting pressures of decreasing landfill sites, environmental concerns, economic incentives, and political support. The usual vehicle for residential collection of solid wastes is the manually rear or side-loaded compaction truck operating with a crew of two or three, including the driver.

The typical truck is 14 to 18 m3 15 to 20 yd3 , and can carry 4 to 5 tons of wastes to the disposal site or transfer station. Large self-loading compactor vehicles are equipped to centers, and then replace the empty ones for reuse at the site. Other container trucks provide container exchange service. They are equipped to carry an empty storage container to a collection point, pick up a full container and transport it to a central location or disposal site, then replace the empty container at a new location.

The frequency of solid waste collection in most communities is once or twice per week. Several methods are used to optimize the route. As a result, it may be uneconomical to use collection trucks for travel to the disposal site.

Transfer stations are therefore established at convenient locations, and one-person trailer or large trucks, 27 to 46 m3 35 to 60 yd3 or larger, are used to transfer wastes to the disposal site.

Among the important considerations in planning and designing a transfer station are location, type of station, access, and environmental effects. At the transfer station, partial or complete solid waste processing such as sorting, shredding, compacting, baling, or composting may be provided. The objective is to reduce the volume, alter the physical form, and recover usable materials.

It is important that the transfer station be located as near as possible to the generation center. Good access roads as well as secondary or supplemental means of transportation are necessary.

Also, the site must be environmentally acceptable. If more than one transfer station and disposal sites are used, then optimum allocation of wastes from each transfer station to each disposal site will be necessary. This is a classical problem in the field of operations research. Several mathematical models can be used to achieve economical solid waste allocation to the transfer stations and distribution to the disposal sites.

Resource Recovery And Recycling Many components of municipal solid wastes can be reused as secondary material. Among these are papers, cardboard, plastic, glass, ferrous metal, aluminum, and other nonferrous metals. Africa has almost become a dumping place for electronic waste which has enormous effects on economic, social and environmental sustainability. Based on a structured questionnaire, data was collected from staff and management of these stakeholders from selected institutions and organizations in Ghana.

The finding Intelligent composting assisted by a wireless sensing network. Monitoring of the moisture and temperature of composting process is a key factor to obtain a quality product beyond the quality of raw materials.

Current methodologies for monitoring these two parameters are time consuming for workers, Current methodologies for monitoring these two parameters are time consuming for workers, sometimes not sufficiently reliable to help decision-making and thus are ignored in some cases. This article describes an advance on monitoring of composting process through a Wireless Sensor Network WSN that allows measurement of temperature and moisture in real time in multiple points of the composting material, the Compo-ball system.

To implement such measurement capabilities on-line, a WSN composed of multiple sensor nodes was designed and implemented to provide the staff with an efficient monitoring composting management tool.

Presentation and discussion of practical issues and results obtained with the WSN during a demonstration stage that took place in several composting sites concludes the paper. Recycling and resource efficiency: it is time for a change from quantity to quality. Imagine a world where everything we use is eventually recycled.

Sooner or later, this means also a world where everything we use contains recycled materials. Most natural environments work on this principle, via decomposition and Most natural environments work on this principle, via decomposition and assimilation. In a world full of products of human innovation, such as highly engineered materials, synthetic chemical compounds and complex products such as electrical and electronic equipment EEE , and run at a fast forward pace, being inspired by natural environments remains paramount, but can also prove misleading.

Recycling does have limits and is a means to higher level targets — not a goal in itself. The main benefit of recycling is environmental protection, decreasing the need to mine and produce virgin materials, and reducing energy requirements and large-scale emissions. In addition, the availability of resources is improved by recycling. Traditionally, modern solid waste management addressed public health and environmental protection and incidentally local resource scarcity, occurring for instance in war times or during the pre-industrial era.

Recently, worldwide issues such as climate change and resource efficiency on a planet-wide scale have become increasingly the focus of the global waste management community. Here, we revisit the debate on recycling, resorting to fundamental arguments, sometimes forgotten in a one-dimensional drive towards material cycles. Does a high percentage of municipal solid waste MSW fractions collected for potential recycling translate into maximum sustainable resource efficiency?

Case Study: Prahova County, Romania. Prahova County is one the most urbanized and economically developed areas of Romania, and one of the main waste-generating counties. The present study aims to analyse, by using GIS techniques, waste landfill placement suitability, based The present study aims to analyse, by using GIS techniques, waste landfill placement suitability, based on environmental and legal criteria.

Firstly, the restrictive factors, established by law, were analysed, including distance from localities, forests, protected areas and water courses. Secondly, natural factors that influence the waste landfill siting suitability were also analysed, such as: slope, seismic risk, soil texture, and mean annual rainfall.

Composting of the solid fraction of digestate derived from pig slurry: Biological processes and compost properties. The aim of this paper was to assess the characteristics of the solid fractions SF obtained by mechanical separation of digestate, their compostability and compost quality.

To do so, the SF of digestates obtained from anaerobic digestion To do so, the SF of digestates obtained from anaerobic digestion of pig slurry, energy crops and agro-industrial residues were sampled in five plants located in Northern Italy. Subsequent composting of digestates, with an added bulking agent, did not give remarkably different results, and led only to a slight modification of the characteristics of the initial non-composted mixtures; the composts obtained fully respected the legal limits for high quality compost.

Dark fermentation, anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel cells: An integrated system to valorize swine manure and rice bran. This work describes how dark fermentation DF , anaerobic digestion AD and microbial fuel cells MFC and solid-liquid separation can be integrated to co-produce valuable biochemicals hydrogen and methane , bioelectricity and This work describes how dark fermentation DF , anaerobic digestion AD and microbial fuel cells MFC and solid-liquid separation can be integrated to co-produce valuable biochemicals hydrogen and methane , bioelectricity and biofertilizers.

A solid-liquid separation SLS step was applied to the digested slurry, giving solid and liquid fractions. Biohydrogen and polyhydroxyalkanoates PHA as products of a two-steps bioprocess from deproteinized dairy wastes.

In this study a two-steps bioprocess approach aimed at biohydrogen production via dark-fermentation, and polyhydroxyalkanoates-PHA production by mixed microbial cultures, was proposed to valorise two dairy-waste streams coming from cheese In this study a two-steps bioprocess approach aimed at biohydrogen production via dark-fermentation, and polyhydroxyalkanoates-PHA production by mixed microbial cultures, was proposed to valorise two dairy-waste streams coming from cheese whey deproteinization i.

Ricotta cheese production and ultrafiltration. During the first step, the increase of OLR was tested, resulting in higher daily H2 volume 3. During the second step, the organic acids were used for PHA production reaching high conversion yields for both the fermented streams as average 0.

For the results reported, this study could be taken into consideration for larger scale application. Precision determination for the dynamic respirometric index DRI method used for biological stability evaluation on municipal solid waste and derived products. Assessing the functional relationship between the formal and informal waste systems: A case-study in Catalonia Spain. Maintaining fuel stability is one important criterion in sustaining the quality of fuels.

This research investigated the production of biodiesel from waste groundnut oil and the oxidation stability of the biodiesel samples stored under This research investigated the production of biodiesel from waste groundnut oil and the oxidation stability of the biodiesel samples stored under three conditions a vacuum, a fridge and an exposure to atmosphere by considering their saponification values, percentage of free fatty acid, peroxide values, iodine values and viscosity.